Evaluation of retinal and choroidal microvascular changes in patients who received hydroxychloroquine by optical coherence tomography angiography / Avaliação de alterações microvasculares da retina e coroide em pacientes sob hidroxicloroquina através da angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate the retinal and choroidal microvascular changes via optical coherence tomography angiography in patients who received hydroxy­chloroquine. Methods: In total, 28 eyes of 28 patients (24 females, and 4 males) receiving treatment with hydroxy­chloroquine were assessed in this cross-sectional cohort study (hydroxychloroquine group). The high-and low-risk groups consisted of patients receiving hydroxychloroquine for ≥5 years (14 eyes of 28 patients) and <5 years (14 eyes of 28 patients), respectively. A total of 28 age- and gender-matched volunteers were enrolled as the control group. The macular flow area (superficial, deep, and choriocapillaris), superficial and deep vessel density, foveal avascular zone area, central foveal thickness, and subfoveal choroidal thickness parameters were measured by optical coherence tomography angiography. Results: The mean age of the 28 patients who received hydroxychloroquine and the 28 age-matched controls was 45.5 ± 11.1 years (range: 29-70 years) and 44.5 ± 13.9 years (range: 28-70 years), respectively. In patients who received hydroxychloroquine, the values for the superficial, deep, and choriocapillaris macular flow areas were 13.578 ± 0.30, 13.196 ± 0.31, and 17.617 ± 0.42, respectively. In controls, these values were 16.407 ± 0.95, 13.857 ± 0.31, and 18.975 ± 0.76, respectively (p<0.05 for all). The superficial, deep, and cho­riocapillaris flow areas were significantly smaller in patients who received hydroxychloroquine than those in controls (p<0.05 for all). Superficial and deep vessel densities were significantly reduced in patients who received hydroxychlo­roquine in all regions (i.e., foveal, parafoveal, temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior) (p<0.05 for all). Moreover, significant difference was observed between the groups in the foveal avascular zone area (superficial and deep), central foveal thickness, and subfoveal choroidal thickness (p<0.05 for all). Conclusions: Retinochoroidal microvascular flow and vessel density of the macular area were significantly decreased in patients who received hydroxychloroquine. Hy­droxychloroquine may damage the retinochoroidal mi­cro­vascular architecture. Optical coherence tomography angiography may contribute to the early detection of hy­dro­xychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi de avaliar as alterações microvasculares da retina e da coroide em pacientes sob hidroxicloroquina, através da angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal de coorte que avaliou um total de 28 olhos de 28 pacientes (24 mulheres e 4 homens) submetidos a tratamento com hidroxicloroquina (grupo da hidroxicloroquina). Catorze olhos de 28 pacientes em uso de hidroxicloroquina por mais de 5 anos foram definidos como sendo o grupo de alto risco, ao passo que o grupo de baixo risco consistiu em 14 olhos de 28 pacientes em uso de hidroxicloroquina por menos de 5 anos. Foram ainda incluídos 28 voluntários como grupo de controle, pareados por idade e sexo. Através de angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica, foram medidos os seguintes parâmetros: área do fluxo macular (superficial, profundo e coriocapilar), densi­dade vascular superficial e profunda, área da zona avascular foveal e espessura da coroide subfoveal. Resultados: Foram recrutados para o estudo um total de 28 pacientes sob tratamento com hidroxicloroquina, com idade média de 45,5 ± 11,1 (29-70) anos, e 28 membros do grupo de controle, pareados por idade e sexo, com idade média de 44,5 ± 13,9 (28-70) anos. As áreas superficial, profunda e coriocapilar do fluxo macular foram respectivamente de 13,578 ± 0,30, 13,196 ± 0,31 e 17,617 ± 0,42 nos pacientes em tratamento com hidroxicloroquina e, respectivamente de 16,407 ± 0,95, 13,857 ± 0,31 e 18,975 ± 0,76 no grupo de controle (p<0,05 para todos os valores). As três medições de área do fluxo macular foram significativamente menores nos pacientes em uso de hidroxicloroquina em comparação com os indivíduos do grupo de controle (p<0,05 para todos os valores). As densidades vasculares superficial e profunda mostraram-se significativamente reduzidas em todas as regiões (foveal, parafoveal, temporal, superior, nasal e inferior) nos pacientes em uso de hidroxicloroquina (p<0,05 para todos os valores). Finalmente, também foi observada uma diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à área da zona avascular foveal (superficial e profunda), à espessura foveal central e à espessura da coroide subfoveal (p<0,05 para todos os valores). Conclusão: O fluxo microvascular retinocoroidal e a densidade vascular da área macular mostraram-se significativamente diminuídos nos pacientes sob hidroxicloroquina. Este fármaco pode danificar a arquitetura microvascular retinocoroidal e a angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica pode contribuir para a detecção precoce da toxicidade retiniana induzida pela hidroxicloroquina.

Retinal toxicity due to hydroxychloroquine: frequency in an Ophthalmology ambulatory / Toxicidade retiniana pela hidroxicloroquina: frequência em um ambulatório de Oftalmologia

Abstract Hydroxychloroquine is widely used by rheumatologists for the treatment of various diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis because of its safety and low cost. However, it can cause retinal abnormalities. Until today, there is no Brazilian protocol for screening for retinal changes in these patients. We reviewed the medical records and optical coherence tomography of all patients who had attended at Hychloroquine Ambulatory of HFSE, in the period from March/ 2015 until November/2016.

Resumo A Hidroxicloroquina é amplamente utilizada por reumatologistas para o tratamento de várias condições, como os lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e artrite reumatoide, pelo seu baixo custo e relativa segurança. Porém, esta droga pode causar danos à retina. Até o presente momento, não há protocolo brasileiro para o screening de alterações retinianas devido ao uso desta medicação. Foi realizada revisão de prontuário e análise de imagens de tomografia de coerência óptica de pacientes atendidos no período de Março de 2015 a Novembro de 2016 no ambulatório de Hidroxicloroquina do Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

The effects on rabbit corneas and retinas after single intravitreal injection of voriconazole at different doses / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To observe the effects on rabbit corneas and retinas after single intravitreal injection of voriconazole at different doses.Methods According to the randomization table,25 healthy rabbits were randomly divided into control group,and voriconazole 50,100,200,and 400 μg groups.Therefore,there were 5 rabbits in each group.The eyes of control group received intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml balanced saline solution,and those treatment groups received 0.1 ml voriconazole injection of corresponding dose.Before the injection and 1,7,and 14 days after the injection,endothelial cell counts and corneal thicknesses were measured;full-field electroretinogram were performed and b-wave amplitudes in maximal combined reaction (Max-R) were recorded.On 14 days after the injection,histologic structures were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope.Results There was no significant difference in endothelial cell counts (F=0.320,0.291,0.467,0.649) and corneal thicknesses (F=0.214,0.284,0.360,0.225) with those of control group at any time points (P＞0.05).Before and 1 day after the injection,b-wave amplitudes of each voriconazole group had no significant difference compared with those of control group (F=0.220,0.106;P＞0.05).On 7 days after the injection,b-wave amplitudes decreased significantly at doses of 200 μg and 400 μg (P＜0.05).On 14 days after the injection,there was no significant difference between the the amplitude of 200 μg group and that of control group (P＞ 0.05).However,the amplitude of the 400 μg group decreased continuously and there was still significant difference (P＜0.05).Light microscopy did not reveal any corneal abnormality in both control group and voriconazole groups.The retinas were normal except that of the 400 μg group,which had a thinner and degenerated inner nuclear layer and disordered photoreceptor layer.Under transmission electron microscope,there were no ultrastructure damages of corneas in both control group and voriconazole groups,either.The rabbit retinas of the 50 μg and 200 μg group have normal inner nuclear layer and photoreceptor layer,but degrees of changes in both layers were observed in the eyes of 200 μg and 400 μg group.Conclusions There is no obvious effects on rabbit corneas and retinas after single intravitreal injection of voriconazole at he dose less than or equal 100 μg.There are no obvious effects on rabbit corneas at the dose of 200 μg and 400 μg,while there are damages to the retinas in both functions and histological structures.

Quercetin protects the retina by reducing apoptosis due to ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model / Quercetina protege a retina reduzindo a apoptose consequente à lesão por isquemia e reperfusão em um modelo de rato

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin on apoptotic cell death induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat retina. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into four equal groups: control, ischemic, solvent, and quercetin. I/R injury was achieved by elevating the intraocular pressure above the perfusion pressure. Intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg of quercetin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were performed in the quercetin and solvent groups, respectively, immediately prior to I/R injury, and the researchers allowed for the retinas to be reperfused. Forty-eight hours after injury, the thicknesses of the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL) were measured in all groups. Moreover, the numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end-labeled [TUNEL (+)] cells and caspase-3 (+) cells in both INL and ONL were evaluated in all groups. Results: The administration of quercetin was found to reduce the thinning of all retinal layers. The mean thickness of INL in the quercetin and ischemic groups was 21 ± 5.6 µm and 16 ± 6.4 µm, respectively (P<0.05). Similarly, the mean thickness of ONL in the quercetin and ischemic groups was 50 ± 12.8 µm and 40 ± 8.7 µm, respectively (P<0.05). The antiapoptotic effect of quercetin in terms of reducing the numbers of both TUNEL (+) cells and caspase-3 (+) cells was significant in INL. The mean number of TUNEL (+) cells in INL in the ischemic and quercetin groups was 476.8 ± 45.6/mm2 and 238.72 ± 251/mm2, respectively (P<0.005). The mean number of caspase-3 (+) cells in INL of ischemic and quercetin groups was 633.6 ± 38.7/mm2 and 342.4 ± 36.1/mm2, respectively (P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of quercetin may be beneficial in the treatment of retinal I/R injury because of its antiapoptotic effect on the retinal layers, particularly in INL. .

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o efeito da quercetina, contra a morte celular por apoptose induzida por lesão consequente à isquemia-reperfusão (I/R) na retina de ratos. Método: Vinte e quatro ratos foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais: controle, isquêmico, solvente e quercetina. O modelo lesão por I/R foi realizado por meio da elevação da pressão intraocular acima da pressão de perfusão, em todos os grupos. Injecções intraperitoneais de 20 mg/kg de quercetina ou sulfóxido de dimetilo (DMSO) foram realizadas nos grupos quercetina e solvente, respectivamente, imediatamente antes da lesão por I/R, permitindo que as retinas fossem reperfundidas. Quarenta e oito horas após a lesão, as espessuras de camada de células ganglionares da retina (RGCL), camada nuclear interna (INL), camada plexiforme interna (IPL), camada plexiforme externa (OPL), e a camada nuclear externa (ONL) foram medidas em todos os grupos. Além disso, o número de células TUNEL (+) e caspase-3 (+) tanto na camada nuclear interna quanto na camada nuclear externa foi avaliada em todos os grupos. Resultados: A administração de quercetina diminuiu o afinamento de todas as camadas da retina em comparação com o grupo isquêmico. A espessura média da camada nuclear interna nos grupos quercetina e isquêmico foi de 21 ± 5,6 µm e 16 ± 6,4 µm, respectivamente (p<0,05). A espessura média da camada nuclear externa no grupo quercetina e isquêmico foi 50 ± 12,8 µm e 40 ± 8,7 µm, respectivamente (p<0,05). O efeito anti-apoptótico de quercetina em termos de redução do número de células TUNEL (+) e caspase-3 (+) foi significativa na INL. O número médio de células TUNEL (+) da camada nuclear interna no grupo isquêmico e quercetina foi 476,8 ± 45,6/mm2 e 238,72 ± 251/mm2, respectivamente (p<0,005). O médio número de células de caspase-3 (+) na INL do grupo isquêmico e quercetina foi 633,6 ± 38,7/mm2 e 342,4 ± 36,1/mm2, respectivamente (p<0,001). Conclusão: A utilização ...

Brimonidine tartrate effect on retinal spreading depression depends on Müller cells / O efeito do tartarato de brimonidina sobre a depressão alastrante retiniana depende das células de Müller

Objective: Demonstrate the Brimonidine effect over Retinal Spreading Depression (SD). Brimonidine is an alpha-2–adrenergic receptor agonist, used in the management of glaucoma. Alpha2-agonists have been shown to be neuroprotective in various experimental models, however the molecular and cellular targets leading to these actions are still poorly defined. The SD of neuronal electric activity is a wave of cellular massive sustained depolarization that damages the nervous tissue. Local trauma, pressure, ischemic injuries and other chemical agents as high extracellular potassium concentration or glutamate, can trigger SD, leading to exaggerated focal electrical followed by an electrical silence. Methods: Using chicken retina as model, we performed alpha2-receptor detection by Western Blotting and Immunohistochemistry. After that we obtained electrical signals of SD by microelectrodes on retina in the absence or presence of Brimonidine. For in vivo visualization we observed retina with optical coherence tomography on normal state, with SD passing, and with SD + Brimonidine. Results: Our data demonstrated that: (1) alpha2-adrenergic receptors are present in Müller cells, (2) the treatment with Brimonidine decreases the SD‘s velocity as well as the voltage of SD waves and (3) OCT revealed that SD creates a hyper reflectance at inner plexiform layer, but on retinal treatment with brimonidine, SD was not visualized. Conclusions: Our study about brimonidine possible pathways of neuroprotection we observed it reduces SD (a neuronal damage wave), identified a new cellular target – the Müller cells, as well as, firstly demonstrated SD on OCT, showing that the inner plexiform layer is the main optically affected layer on SD. .

Objetivo: Demonstrar o efeito do Tartarato de Brimonidina, um alfa2-agonista usado no manejo do glaucoma, sobre a depressão alastrante (DA) retiniana. Esses agonistas têm demonstrado ser neuroprotetores em vários modelos experimentais, contudo seus alvos celulares e moleculares continuam indefinidos. A DA da atividade elétrica neuronal é uma onda de despolarização celular massiva e sustentada que leva ao dano no tecido nervoso. Trauma local, pressão, isquemia e outros agentes químicos como o aumento do potássio extracelular e o glutamato podem disparar a DA, levando a uma atividade elétrica exagerada seguida de silêncio elétrico. Métodos: Usando a retina de pinto como modelo, realizamos a detecção do alfa2-receptor por Western Blotting e ensaio Imunohistoquímico. Após isso, obtivemos os sinais elétricos da DA através de microeletrodos inseridos na retina durante sua passagem na presença ou ausência de Brimonidina. Para visualização do tecido utilizamos o tomógrafo de coerência optica (OCT), analisando como é a retina no seu estado de repouso, durante a passagem da DA, e a DA + brimonidina. Resultados: Nossos dados demonstraram que: (1) os receptores alfa adrenérgicos presentes na retina são do subtipo-2A e estão localizados nas células de Müller; (2) o tratamento com Brimonidina diminui a velocidade e a voltagem da onda de DA; (3) A OCT demonstrou que a DA retiniana possui um sinal óptico de maior reflectância na camada plexiforme interna, fato não observado quando foi associada à Brimonidina. Conclusão: A Brimonidina foi capaz de reduzir a DA (uma onda de lesão neuronal) e identificamos um novo possível alvo celular – a célula de Müller e demonstramos pela primeira vez uma OCT da DA, visualizando a camada plexiforme interna como a mais afetada opticamente pelo fenômeno. .

Ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography analysis of bull's eye maculopathy in chloroquine users / Análise da maculopatia em bull's eye pela tomografia de coerência óptica de alta resolução em usuários de cloroquina

Purpose: Register and compare anatomical changes, structural and quantitative found in optical coherence tomography Stratus and Topcon 3D in chronic users of chloroquine. Methods: Five patients were diagnosed with toxic "bull's eye" maculopathy was submitted to macular optical coherence tomography examination (Stratus and Topcon 3D). Results: Both tools demonstrated an increase reflectivity of choriocapillaris unit just foveal retinal pigment epithelium atrophy. However, Topcon 3D provided to all patients better description of the line corresponding to the transition between inner and outer segments of photoreceptors. Using the possibility of assembling threedimensional images and subtraction selective retinal layers, we found a lesion with a target that reflects the greater thickness of retinal pigment epithelium in central and parafoveal region that is matched to preserve macular photoreceptors. Conclusion: it was observed better resolution and faster image capture by Topcon 3D than Stratus OCT, that provided more detailed analysis of the line corresponding to transition between outer and inner segment of photoreceptors in macular region. With Topcon 3D, it was possible to evaluate soundly the thickness of retinal pigment epithelium in central and parafoveal region that caused an increase reflectivity of choriocapillaris creating a image with a target unpublished before. .

Objetivo: Comparar e registrar as alterações quantitativas e qualitavivas na tomografia de coerência óptica nos pacientes com uso prolongado de cloroquina. Métodos: Avaliaram-se cinco pacientes com diagnóstico de bull’s eye no exame de tomografia de coerência óptica macular com dois modelos de aparelhos: Stratus e Topcon 3D. Resultados: Ambos aparelhos registraram aumento da refletividade coriocapilar foveal provocada pela atrofia do epitélio pigmentar da retina. Somente o Topcon 3D permitiu melhor visibilização da linha de transição entre o segmento interno e externo dos fotorreceptores. Este aparelho também permitiu a formação de imagens tridimensionais e subtração das camadas retinianas, com registro da diminuição da espessura do epitélio pigmentado da retina na região central e parafoveal macular. Conclusão: Foi possível observar a captação mais rápida e com melhor resolução das imagens geradas pelo Topcon 3D. A diminuição da espessura do epitélio pigmentado da retina, provocando o aumento da refletividade coriocapilar, com a formação de uma imagem linear circular cincundando a fóvea, foi mais detalhado pelos cortes realizados no Topcon 3D. .

The effect of intravitreal injection with ciproflaxacin on retina / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To evaluate the security of intravitreal injection with ciproflaxacin to retina. Methods Tweenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 rabbits in each group. 0.1 ml ciproflaxacin in doses of 2 500, 5 000, and 10 000 ?g was intravitreally injected into the rabbits eyes, retrospectively. And 0.1 ml saline solution was injected into the vitreous body of the rats in the control group. Indirect microscope, light microscope and electroretinogram (ERG) were used to observe the changes of ocular fundus. Results Normal results of light microscopy and ultrastructure were found in 250 ?g and 500 ?g groups; irregularly arranged outer and inner nuclear layers, dropsical or even lost ganglion cells, and ultrastructural changes were in 1 000 ?g group. There was no apparent difference of ERG′s a and b amplitudes before and after intravitreal injection with ciproflaxacin in each group. Conclusion Intravitreal injection with ciproflaxacin is safe, and 500 ?g or less is the secure dosage in rabbits' eyes.

Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization inhibited by tetrandrine in rats / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of tetrandrine (Tet) on experimental choroidal neovascularization and the effect of Tet on retinal structure and function. Methods Choroidal neovascularization was induced in 20 Brown Norway (BN) rats (40 eyes) by diode laser (wavelength: 810 nm; exposal time: 0.1 second; facular diameter:100 ?m; energy: 120 mW), and the rats were divided randomly into experimental and control group with 10 rats (20 eyes) in each group. In experimental group, 0.05 ml Tet with the concentration of 3.21 ?mol/L was injected intravitreously 0 and 3 days after laser photocoagulation; in the control group, the rats underwent an intravitreous injection with the same volume of sodium chloride solution. The incidence of CNV was evaluated by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) 14 days after laser photocoagulation. Five right eyes of another Five healthy BN rats underwent intravitreous injection with 0.05 ml Tet with the concentration of 3.21 ?mol/L, and an intravitreous injection with the same volume of sodium chloride solution was performed on the left eyes. Before injection, 1 hour, and 1 day after the first injection, and 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days after the second injection the electroretinography (ERG) was performed on these 5 rats; 14 days after the second injection, the retinae were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results The incidence of CNV was 23.26% in experimental group,which was obviously lower than that in the control group (63.33%) (P0.05). There were no structural changes of retinal tissues examined by light and electron microscopy. Conclusion Tet may inhibit choroidal neovascularization in rats; there isn′t any significant toxic effect of intravitreous injection with Tet on retina at the dosage of 3.21 ?mol/L.

Effect of intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide on retina / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) with different dosage and excipient on retina. Methods Thirty-two purebred New Zealand white rabbits randomly divided into 4 groups underwent intravitreous injection with TA. Group 1:4 mg TA without excipient; group 2:25 mg TA without excipient; group 3:4 mg TA with excipient; group 4:25 mg TA with excipient. Electroretinography (ERG) was performed on each rabbit before intravitreal injection, 1 week, 1 and 2 months after the injection. All the animals were killed and the eyeballs were extirpated 2 months after the injection, and pathological examinations including light and electron microscopy were performed. Results No significant difference was found in the latent period of ERG at the points of time before and after the injection in all the groups, but the amplitudes of ERG waves was lower in groups containing excipient than that before the treatment (P

Protective effect of betaxolol on optic nerves after experimental retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of betaxolol on optic nerves after experimental retinal ischemia-reperfused injury. Methods Retinal ischemia was induced in SD rats by increasing intraocular pressure through intracameral infusion. Sixty-eight rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal control (eight rats), 0.25% betaxolol treatment (thirty rats) and saline control group (thirty rats). The latter two groups were subdivided into group 1 day, 3 and 7 days after reperfusion, respectively, with 10 rats in each group. Betaxolol and normal saline was applied to the right eyes of the rats in the treatment group and to the ones in normal saline control group, respectively. The amplitude of b-wave of electron retinograph (ERG) was observed and the histological and ultrastructural changes were detected by light and electron microscopy. The expression of neural nitrogen oxide synthase (nNOS) was detected by immunohistochemistry. The content of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by spectrophotometer. Results [WTBZ]Began from the first day after reperfusion, in saline control group, the amplitudes of ERG b-wave reduced continuously, the histopathological damages of retina were aggravating, the expression of nNOS increased, MDA level increased and SOD level decreased persistently, which significantly differed from the normal control group (P0.01). Conclusion Betaxolol, by reducing intracellular overfreight of Ca~(2+),inhibiting production of NO and elevating the ability of anti-oxidation in rat retina, can protect retinal neurons from ischemia-reperfused injury.

Effects of ?-interferon on the expression of costimulatory molecules and Fas/FasL in human retina / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of ?-interferon (IFN-? on the expression of costimulatory molecules B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) and Fas/FasL in human retina. Methods Nine human eyes were obtained from the eye-bank of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. Six eyes were used for making retinal wholemounts, and 12 retinal wholemounts from each eye were put into the 24-hole culture board which had 2ml DMEM/F12 culture medium in each hole. The wholemounts were divided into 3 groups whose concentration of IFN-? was 0, 200, and 1 000 U/ml respectively. After cultured in 37℃ culture box (95%O2,5%CO2) for 24 hours, the expressions of B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), and Fas/FasL on these retinal wholemounts were detected by immunohistochemical method. The retinal wholemounts from 3 healthy people were detected by immunohistochemical method as the control. Results Expression of FasL but not B7-1, B7-2 or Fas was found in the control group, while the expression of B7-1, B7-2 and Fas and increased expression of FasL were found after cultured with IFN-?. Conclusion IFN-? may be involved in the occurrence of ocular immune response and induction of apoptosis via the stimulation of expression of costimulatory molecules and Fas/FasL, which plays an important role in the activation of T lymphocytes.

Effects of advanced glycation endproducts on proliferation of pericytes of bovine retinal capillary vessels and expression of transforming growth factor ? / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) on proliferation of pericytes of bovine retinal capillary vessels and expression of transforming growth factor ?(TGF-?). Methods [WTBZ]The proliferation of pericytes detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay, cellular cycle of pericytes was analyzed by flow cytometry was used to analyze cell, and TGF-? protein expression of pericytes was observed by immunofluorescent staining. Results AGEs inhibited the proliferation of pericytes of bovine retinal capillary vessels, stopped the cellular cycle of pericytes in synthesis phase (S phase), increased the number of apoptotic cells obviously (P

Experimental study on the effect of intravitreal nonsteroid antiinflamatory drug on the structure and function of retina / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the retinal toxicity and verify the safe dose of intravitreal injection of nonsteroid anti inflamatory drug, diclofenac sodium. Methods Twenty eight healthy adult white rabbits were divided at random into 7 groups and received in every right eye the intravitreal injection of a single dose of diclofenac sodium solution ranging from 0.4～1.0 mg/0.1ml respectively,the left eyes were regarded as control ones. Before injection and on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day after injection the electroretinography on both eyes was examined. On the 28th day after injection the retinas of two rabbits of every group were examined by using light microscopy. On the 10th and 30th day after injection the retinal tissues around the optic nerve disk of two eyes from every group at random were tested by using transmission electron microscopy. Results The ratio of amplitude of b wave of electroretinography in 0.4 mg and 0 5 mg groups had no significant difference from groups before injection,the retinal tissues showed no structural changes in light and electron microscopy examination. The ratio of amplitude of b wave of photoptic electroretinography in 0.6 mg groups in the early stage after injection was markedly reduced ( P